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American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(suppl):1-45.

Amsterdam JD, Greden JF, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME. Treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry Intercom. August 2000.

Borckardt JJ, Anderson B, Kozel FA, et al. Acute and long-term VNS effects on pain perception in a case of treatment-resistant depression. Neurocase. 2006;12:216-220.

Burke MJ, Husain MH. Concomitant Use of Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Electroconvulsive Therapy for Treatment-resistant Depression. J ECT. 2006; 22:218-222.

Chae JH, Nahas Z, Lomarev M, et al. A review of functional neuroimaging studies of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). J Psych Res. 37:443-455; 2003.

Conway CR, Sheline YI, Chibnall JT, et al. Cerebral blood flow changes during vagus nerve stimulation for depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging . 2006;146:179-84.

Dorr AE, Debonnel G. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006:318:890-898.

Dunner DL, Russell JM. A long-term, prospective, naturalistic study of usual standard-of-care treatment in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Poster presented at: 42nd American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Annual Meeting; December 7-11, 2003; San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Dunner DL, Rush AJ, Russell JM, et al. Prospective, Long-term, Multicenter Study of the Naturalistic Outcomes of Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67(5): 688-695.

Fava M, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, et al, for the STAR*D Investigators Group. Background and rationale for the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2003;26:457-494.

George MS, Nahas Z, Borckhardt JJ, et al: Vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007;7:63-74.

George MS, Rush AJ, Marangell LB, et al. A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:364-373.

George MS, Sackeim HA, Marangell LB, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation. A potential therapy for resistant depression? Psychiatr Clin North Am. 757-783:23; 2000.

George MS, Sackeim HA, Rush AJ, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation: a new tool for brain research and therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:287-295.

George MS, Nahas Z Bohning D, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation: a new form of therapeutic brain stimulation. CNS Spectrums. 2000;5:2-11.

Holtzheimer PE 3rd, Nemeroff CB. Emerging treatments for depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006;17:2323-39.

Husain MM, Stegman D, Trevino K. Pregnancy and delivery while receiving vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of major depression: a case report. Annals of Gen Psychiatry. 2005;4(16).

Martinez JM, Zboyan HA. Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy in a Patient with Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Case Report of Long-Term Follow-up and Battery End-of-Service. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(2): 143-147.

Nahas Z, Burns C, Foust MJ, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for depression: what do we know now and what should be done next? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006 Dec;8(6):445-51.

Nahas Z, Marangell LB, Husain MM, et al. Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment of major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:1097-1104.

Nahas Z, Teneback C, Chae JH, et al. Serial vagus nerve stimulation functional MRI in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:1649–1660.
To view the article, click here.

Nemeroff CB, Mayberg HS, Krahl SE, et al. VNS Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Clinical Evidence and Putative Neurobiological Mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:1345-1355.

O'Reardon JP, Cristancho P, Peshek AD. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) and Treatment of Depression: To the Brainstem and Beyond. Psychiatry 2006. 2006;3(5):54-63.

Rush AJ. Selecting Patients for VNS.  Clinical Psychiatry News. 2006;34:16.

Rush AJ, Sackeim HA, Marangell LB, et al. Effects of 12 months of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:355-363.

Rush AJ, Marangell LB, Sackeim HA, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:347-354.

Sackeim HA, Brannan SK, Rush AJ, et al. Durability of antidepressant response to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2007; Feb 9:1-10.
To view the abstract, click here.

Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, et al. Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1299-1307.

Sackeim HA, Keilp JG, Rush AJ, et al. The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive performance in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2001;14:53-62.

Zajecka JM. Clinical issues in long-term treatment with antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(suppl 2):20-25.

 
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